Product Name:
GSK3a-pT19+pS21
Product Number:
ab-pk648
Target Full Name: Glycogen synthase-serine kinase 3 alpha
Target Alias: DKFZp686D0638; Factor A; Glycogen synthase kinase 3 alpha; GSK-3 alpha; GSK3-alpha; Kinase GSK3-alpha
Product Type Specific: GSK3a protein kinase phosphosite-specific antibody
Antibody Code: PK648
Antibody Target Type: Phosphosite-specific
Antibody Phosphosite: T19+S21
Protein UniProt: P49840
Protein SigNET: GSK3a
Antibody Type: Polyclonal
Antibody Host Species: Rabbit
Antibody Immunogen Source: Human GSK3a sequence peptide Cat. No.: PE-04AMR99
Antibody Immunogen Sequence: RAR(pT)S(pS)FAE(bA)C
Antibody Immunogen Description: Corresponds to amino acid residues R16 to E24; Near the N-terminus of the protein. T19+S21 phosphorylation inhibits phosphotransferase activity. These are two of the less major in vivo phosphorylation sites in GSK3a (≥78 and ≥296 reports, respectively, from high throughput mass spectrometry studies recorded in PhosphoSitePlus). GSK3a is known to be phosphorylated in vitro at S21 by Akt1 (PKBa), PKACa (PRKACA), PKCb1 (PRKCB1), PKCd (PRKCD), PKCg (PRKCG), PKCh (PRKCH), PKCz (PRKCZ), and RSK2 (RPS6KA3).
Production Method: The immunizing peptide was produced by solid phase synthesis on a multipep peptide synthesizer and purified by reverse-phase hplc chromatography. Purity was assessed by analytical hplc and the amino acid sequence confirmed by mass spectrometry analysis. This peptide was coupled to KLH prior to immunization into rabbits. New Zealand White rabbits were subcutaneously injected with KLH-coupled immunizing peptide every 4 weeks for 4 months. The sera from these animals was applied onto an agarose column to which the immunogen peptide was thio-linked. Antibody was eluted from the column with 0.1 M glycine, pH 2.5. Subsequently, the antibody solution was neutralized to pH 7.0 with saturated Tris.This antibody was also subject to negative purification over phosphotyrosine-agarose.
Antibody Modification: Unconjugated. Contact KInexus if you are interest in having the antibody biotinylated or coupled with fluorescent dyes.
Antibody Concentration: 1 mg/ml
Storage Buffer: Phosphate buffered saline pH 7.4, 0.05% Thimerasol
Storage Conditions: For long term storage, keep frozen at -40°C or lower. Stock solution can be kept at +4°C for more than 3 months. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Product Use: Western blotting | Antibody microarray
Antibody Dilution Recommended: 2 µg/ml for immunoblotting
Antibody Potency: Weak immunoreactivity of a target-sized protein by Western blotting in A431 cells and sea star oocytes. Very strong immunoreactivity with immunogen peptide on dot blots.
Antibody Species Reactivity: This antibody detects the target phosphoprotein in the following species due to conservation of amino acid sequence: Human | Chimpanzee | Rhesus macaque | Rat | Mouse.
Antibody Positive Control: The observed molecular mass of the processed target protein on SDS-PAGE gels is reported to be around 50-54 kDa.
Antibody Specificity: Very high
Antibody Cross Reactivity: No significant cross-reactive proteins detected in A431 and HeLa cells, and in sea star oocytes, except a strong cross-reactive 75 kDa protein was observed in A431 cells.
Related Product 1: GSK3a (16-24) pT19+pS21 antibody blocking peptide (Cat. No.: PE-04AMR99)
Related Product 2: GSK3a expression antibody (Cat. No.: AB-NK069-3)
Related Product 3: GSK3a S278+Y279 phosphorylation antibody (Cat. No.: AB-PK647)
Related Product 4: GSK3a Y279 phosphorylation antibody (Cat. No.: AB-PK649)
Related Product 5: GSK3a Y284+Y285 phosphorylation antibody (Cat. No.: AB-PK650)
Related Product 6: GSK3a Y279 phosphorylation antibody (Cat. No.: AB-PK882)
Related Product 7: GSK3b expression antibody (Cat. No.: AB-NK070)
Related Product 8: GSK3b expression antibody (Cat. No.: AB-NK070-4)
Related Product 9: GSK3b expression antibody (Cat. No.: AB-NK270-3)
Related Product 10: GSK3b T275+T277 phosphorylation antibody (Cat. No.: AB-PK883)
Scientific Background: GSK3-alpha (GSK3a) is a protein-serine/threonine kinase of the CMGC group and GSK family. GSK3a features a 7-strand-barrel N-terminal domain, a central kinase domain, and a C-terminal domain, with the active site located between the N-terminal and alpha-helical domains. It is highly active following tyrosine phosphorylation within its activation T loop. Phosphorylation at Tyr-279 increases phosphotransferase activity and promotes nuclear localization. Phosphorylation at Ser-21 by Akt1 and other kinases inhibits phosphotransferase activity. GSK3a acts primarily as a negative regulator of glycogen synthesis and insulin signaling, while also playing a role in cell apoptosis and proliferation. It is also involved in the Wnt signaling pathway, regulating nuclear beta-catenin (phosphorylation triggers its degradation), and it regulates amyloid-beta production. It is widely expressed, especially in the brain and testis, and found in the cytoplasm and nucleus. GSK3a has been proposed as a tumour suppressor protein (TSP), since with loss of GSK3 there is an increase in WNT signalling, with beta-catenin stabilization, leading to tumorigenesis. GSK3a has also been proposed to act as an oncoprotein (OP), as acute leukemia required GSK3 for cell proliferation. In most human cancers, it is up-regulated in expression about 1.6-times the rate observed for most protein kinases. In addition to cancer, GSK3a has been implicated in a number of other diseases including Type II diabetes, Alzheimer’s (tau phosphorylation), Parkinson's, bipolar, and schizophrenia. This description may include information annotated by UniProt and/or Google AI.